They are each a collection of essays that cover a multitude of complicated topics and opinions within the redefinition of modern social movements. The idea that social movements and political power are continuing to change is the main concern of both works. For Rose, it is the advanced liberal that is molding social movements and political discourse within the Western world, whereas for Wignaraja, it is showing how the social movements of the past in places like Africa simply were not effective enough and need to evolve into more sympathetic movements designed for the people, not the ruling parties alone. Modern theories and discourse must be able to adapt with these changes. References

Almond, Gabriel Abraham & Verba, Sidney. 1989. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Sage Publications.

Calhoun, Craig. 1994. "Social Theory and the Politics of Identity." In Social Theory and the Politics of Identity. P. 9-36. Wiley-Blackwell.

Chandhoke, Neera. 2002. "The Limits of Global Civil Society." Global Civil Society. Centre for the Study of Global Governance. P 35-53.

Rose, Nikolas...

1999. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. NY: Cambridge University Press.
Rucht, Dieter & Neidhart, Friedhelm. 2002. "Towards a 'Movement Society?' On the Possibilities of Institutionalizing Social Movements." Social Movement Studies. 1(1), P 7-30.

Wignaraja, Ponna. 1993. New Social Movements in the South, Empowering the People. Vistaar Publications.

Rose, Nikolas S. 1999. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. NY: Cambridge University Press. p 11.

Rose 50

Almond, Gabriel Abraham & Verba, Sidney. 1989. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Sage Publications. p 3.

Wignaraja, Ponna. 1993. New Social Movements in the South, Empowering the People. Vistaar Publications. p 107.

Wignaraja 78

Chandhoke, Neera. 2002. "The Limits of Global Civil Society." Global Civil Society. Centre for the Study of Global Governance. p 35.

Rucht, Dieter & Friedhelm, Neidhart. 2002. "Towards a 'Movement Society?' On the Possibilities of Institutionalizing Social Movements. Social Movement Studies. 1(1), p 9.